Tobacco Ringspot Virus (TRSV) is a pathogenic virus that affects a wide range of plant species. It was first discovered in America’s tobacco fields in 1927. TRSV belongs to the…

Bald brood is a relatively common problem that impacts the developing honey bee pupae. Beekeepers will observe linear rows of uncapped brood with the exposed larvae still developing in their…

Bee dysentery is a problem that affects honey bees. It is often observed by beekeepers during winter when the colony is confined to its hive. When bees accumulate too much…

Zombie flies are tiny insects that parasitize anthropods like honey bees. These phorid flies lay eggs inside their victim, which develop into larvae and feed off the host’s insides. Bees…

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) occurs when most worker honey bees abruptly disappear from their hive. After the collapse, little or no dead bees remain near the entrance. The developing bee…

The Kakugo virus is a subtype of the Deformed wing virus, typically affecting the worker bee’s brain. It causes aggressive behavior in honey bees, as you’d expect from guard bees….

Cloudy wing virus (CWV) is an unclassified viral infection that affects honey bees (Apis mellifera). This little-studied disease produces unproductive bees that typically die within a few days of contraction….

Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is a highly infectious viral disease that affects adult honey bees (Apis mellifera). Sick bees experience chronic paralysis towards the end of the infection and…

Kashmir bee virus (KBV) is a disease that impacts honey bees at all stages of development. While healthy hives often keep this infection under control, it has a greater impact…

Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is a common RNA viral infection in honey bees and wasps. It is linked to colony collapse disorder (CCD), resulting in the loss of bee…